Pulmonary Embolism

A pulmonary embolism is a blockage of one or more arteries in the lungs. It is most often caused by a blood clot that traveled to the lungs from another part of the body. Blood clots usually form in the veins of the legs or arms, but can dislodge and travel through the bloodstream to the lungs. While a pulmonary embolism is not usually fatal, it is a complication of deep vein thrombosis and can be life threatening.

Causes of a Pulmonary Embolism

A pulmonary embolism can affect anyone, but certain factors can increase the risk of developing blood clots. They may include:

Physical inactivity
Obesity
Pregnancy
Prolonged bed rest or travel
Family history of blood clotting disorders
A history of cancer or chemotherapy treatment
Trauma or injury to a vein
Surgery
Smoking
Oral contraceptive use
Hormone replacement therapy

Symptoms of a Pulmonary Embolism

Symptoms of a pulmonary embolism vary depending on the severity of the blockage, but may include:

Sudden shortness of breath
Sharp pain in the chest, arm, shoulder, neck or jaw
Cough
Clammy skin
Rapid heartbeat
Excessive sweating
Leg swelling, usually in one leg
Anxiety
Fever

Diagnosis of a Pulmonary Embolism

A pulmonary embolism is difficult to diagnose and can be detected through diagnostic testing that may include:

Chest X-ray
CT scan
Lung scan
Blood tests
Pulmonary angiogram
Ultrasound
MRI

Treatment of a Pulmonary Embolism

Treatment for a pulmonary embolism is usually based in a hospital due to the need for monitoring vital signs. The severity of the clot and the medical condition of the patient will determine the length of the hospital stay. Treatment options for a pulmonary embolism may include:

Anticoagulant (blood thinning) medication
Thrombolytic therapy
Surgical placement of a vena cava filter

Prevention of a Pulmonary Embolism